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Un país, dos sistemas



Un país, dos sistemas (chino simplificado: 一国两制; chino tradicional: 一國兩制; pinyin: yì guó liǎng zhì; Wade-Giles: I Kuo Liang Chih; Jyutping: jat1 gwok3 loeng5 zai3; Romanización Yale: yāt gwok leúhng jai), es una idea originalmente propuesta por Deng Xiaoping, el entonces Presidente de la República Popular China, para la unificación de China. Según esta doctrina, si bien se reconoce que China constituye un solo país, bajo el régimen de la República Popular China, se acepta que dentro de ese Estado chino unificado coexistan sistemas económicos y políticos diferentes en determinadas zonas, inclusive manteniendo el capitalismo en ciertas regiones del país en paralelo con el sistema socialista.

En 1984, Deng Xiaoping propuso aplicar el principio a Hong Kong en las negociaciones con la Primera Ministra Británica Margaret Thatcher acerca del futuro de Hong Kong tras la cesión de los Nuevos Territorios (incluyendo Nueva Kowloon) de Hong Kong al Reino Unido que iba a "expirar" en 1997. También se propuso el mismo principio en las conversaciones con Portugal acerca de Macao.

El Principio consiste en que, a pesar de la práctica del socialismo en la parte continental de China, Hong Kong y Macao, que eran oficialmente colonias del Reino Unido y Portugal respectivamente, podían seguir practicando el capitalismo como sistema económico predominante, y con un alto grado de autonomía interna durante cincuenta años tras la reunificación.(2047)

El establecimiento de estas regiones, llamadas regiones administrativas especiales, se autorizó por el Artículo 31 de la Constitución de la República Popular China, que especifica que el estado puede establecer dichas Regiones cuando sea necesario, y que los sistemas que se instituirían en ellas prescribirían por leyes promulgadas desde el Congreso Popular Nacional a la luz de las condiciones específicas.

Las regiones administrativas especiales de Hong Kong y Macao se establecieron formalmente el 1 de julio de 1997 y el 20 de diciembre de 1999 respectivamente, inmediatamente después de que la República Popular China ejerciera la soberanía sobre las regiones respectivas.

Una probable intención de Deng Xiaoping al proclamar esta doctrina era presentarla como una opción atractiva a los ciudadanos de Taiwán para conseguir una eventual incorporación de esta isla, reivindicada como territorio chino, a la República Popular China. No obstante, en este caso los sucesivos gobiernos de Taiwán han preferido mantener el statu quo político y rechazan reconocer al régimen comunista de Pekín como gobierno legítimo de Taiwán.

El 1 de enero de 2019, la Presidenta de Taiwán Tsai Ing-wen manifestó que no aceptará la política de Un país, dos sistemas mientras ella gobierne. El 10 de octubre de 2019, el candidato a la Presidencia de Taiwán por el Kuomintang, Han Kuo-yu, también rechaza tajantemente esa política impuesta por el Partido Comunista de China, así como se opone firmemente a la independencia de Taiwán.

El 14º dalái lama, Tenzin Gyatso, ha expresado su interés en la doctrina de Un país, dos sistemas y ha expresado que bajo este régimen él regresaría de su exilio. El gobierno de la República Popular China, no obstante, ha rechazado la opción de aplicar esta doctrina en el Tíbet pues la posición oficial del gobierno chino es que el Tíbet ha sido una región integrada políticamente dentro de China desde la época de la dinastía Ming.



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